What are the sacraments?

As we continue our discussion of sacraments, it seems helpful to offer a few definitions. According to the Catholic Church, there are 7 sacraments. I have listed them here with the common names associated with each of them:

1. Baptism

2. Eucharist/Communion

3. Penance/Reconciliation - Involving "conversion, confession, and celebration." (For Lutherans, this sacraments is often named Confession and Absolution.)

4. Confirmation

5. Marriage

6. Holy Orders/Ordination (vows of priests, nuns, monks) 

7. Anointing the Sick/Last Rites/Extreme Unction

The United Methodist Church (UMC) recognizes Baptism and Eucharist as sacraments. The other "sacraments" are practiced by the UMC, but they are not considered sacraments. The following is an excellent resource for what the UMC professes: Sacraments, Rites and Rituals. 

Finding a history of sacraments has proven somewhat difficult, and the sources are all extremely biased. An article from the Christian Courier states: 

"...the Roman Church has had a fluctuating recognition as to what constitutes a genuine 'sacrament.' The number of sacraments has varied from five to twelve. It was not until the session of Trent in 1549 that the number 'seven' became fixed as an article of faith."

A relatively thorough discussion of the sacraments can be found in the online Catholic Encyclopedia here: Sacraments. This article contains both history, definitions, and theological discussion of the sacraments. The following statements are of note:

According to the teaching of the Catholic Church, accepted today by many Episcopalians, the sacraments of the Christian dispensation are not mere signs; they do not merely signify Divine grace, but in virtue of their Divine institution, they cause that grace in the souls of men. 

Protestants generally hold that the sacraments are signs of something sacred (grace and faith), but deny that they really cause Divine grace. Episcopalians, however, and Anglicans, especially the Ritualists, hold with Catholics that the sacraments are "effectual signs" of grace. 

These statements get at one of the very, very tangled threads of this tapestry of church history and sacraments. There is a significant divide between the Catholic and Protestant churches along this line.